如何正确运用t检验——线性回归模型中参数与0比较t检验及SAS实现

本文目的是介绍t检验在简单线性回归分析和多重线性回归分析中参数与0之间差异性比较时的理论依据和应用实践。首先介绍线性回归分析中t检验的基本原理和计算公式;然后用SAS程序分别对2个实例进行简单线性和多重线性回归分析,提请读者着重关注输出结果中有关"参数假设检验部分的检验统计量的名称及结果";最后对结果进行解释和讨论。     

Memory‐Based Deception Detection: Extending the Cognitive Signature of Lying From Instructed to Self‐Initiated Cheating

From a cognitive perspective, lying can be regarded as a complex cognitive process requiring the interplay of several executive functions. Meta‐analytic research on 114 studies encompassing 3,307 participants (Suchotzki, Verschuere, Van Bockstaele, Ben‐Shakhar, & Crombez, 2017) suggests that computerized paradigms can reliably assess the cognitive burden of lying, with large reaction time differences between lying and truth telling. These studies, however, lack a key ingredient of real‐life deception, namely self‐initiated behavior. Research participants have typically been instructed to commit a mock crime and conceal critical information, whereas in real life, people freely choose whether or not to engage in antisocial behavior. In this study, participants (n = 433) engaged in a trivia quiz and were provided with a monetary incentive for high accuracy performance. Participants were randomly allocated to either a condition where they were instructed to cheat on the quiz (mimicking the typical laboratory set‐up) or to a condition in which they were provided with the opportunity to cheat, yet without explicit instructions to do so. Assessments of their response times in a subsequent Concealed Information Test (CIT) revealed that both instructed cheaters (n = 107) and self‐initiated cheaters (n = 142) showed the expected RT‐slowing for concealed information. The data indicate that the cognitive signature of lying is not restricted to explicitly instructed cheating, but it can also be observed for self‐initiated cheating. These findings are highly encouraging from an ecological validity perspective.     

精神分裂症患者与正常人的罗夏测验自我损伤指数

目的:了解精神分裂症患者与正常人的罗夏测验自我损伤指数(EII)差异。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)精神分裂症诊断标准的患者60例(年龄17~53岁)及性别、年龄与之匹配的正常对照组60例,分别对两组被试实施罗夏测验。对被试罗夏测验的反应进行编码与记分,计算出两组被试的EII值,比较两组被试EII及其各分变量(歪曲形状质量、认知加工错误加权和、歪曲感知人类运动、批判性内容、好的人物表征和坏的人物表征)的差异,分析EII对此两组被试的区分程度。结果:精神分裂症组的EII[(0.7±1.7)vs.(-0.9±0.9)]、歪曲形状质量[(6.2±2.3)vs.(3.4±2.6)]、认知加工错误加权和[(14.0±6.5)vs.(7.2±4.2)]、歪曲感知人类运动[(0.7±1.2)vs.(0.3±0.7)]、坏的人物表征[(3.1±2.7)vs.(1.8±1.8)]得分高于正常对照组(均P0.05),但两组"好的人物表征"和"批判性内容"得分差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。诊断试验结果显示当EII值为-0.5时,对精神分裂症和正常人区分的灵敏度为0.91,特异度为0.75,Youden指数为0.66。结论:与正常人相比,精神分裂症患者的自我功能存在较严重的损伤,罗夏测验自我损伤指数区分精神分裂症患者的敏感性较高,但特异性较低,尚须进一步完善。     

临床检验不合格血液标本产生原因及质量改进研究

目的:分析临床检验不合格血液标本的原因为何,研究相应的质量改进方法。方法:本课题自我院检验血液标本样本中抽取140份,其中2018年2月~2019年3月的70份命名成对照组,2019年4月~2020年3月的70份命名成试验组,前一组未进行质量改进,后一组进行质量改进,比较检验结果有何不同。结果:试验组这组的检验标本不合格率要比对照组那组的检验标本不合格率低,数据上是P<0.05的情况,即表明有统计学意义。结论:凝血反应、溶血反应、样本问题、送检失误、抗凝不全等是导致临床检验不合格血液标本的原因所在,实施质量改进可将血液标本质量提高。     

High-throughput alternative splicing detection using dually constrained correspondence analysis (DCCA)

Alternative splicing is an important component of tumorigenesis. Recent advent of exon array technology enables the detection of alternative splicing at a genome-wide scale. The analysis of high-throughput alternative splicing is not yet standard and methodological developments are still needed. We propose a novel statistical approach—Dually Constrained Correspondence Analysis—for the detection of splicing changes in exon array data. Using this methodology, we investigated the genome-wide alteration of alternative splicing in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated by bevacizumab/erlotinib. Splicing candidates reveal a series of genes related to carcinogenesis (SFTPB), cell adhesion (STAB2, PCDH15, HABP2), tumor aggressiveness (ARNTL2), apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation (PDE4D, FLT3, IL1R2), cell invasion (ETV1), as well as tumor growth (OLFM4, FGF14), tumor necrosis (AFF3) or tumor suppression (TUSC3, CSMD1, RHOBTB2, SERPINB5), with indication of known alternative splicing in a majority of genes. DCCA facilitates the identification of putative biologically relevant alternative splicing events in high-throughput exon array data.     

Implementation strategies for the first licensed dengue vaccine: A meeting report

Dengue vaccination would enhance the control of dengue, one of the most frequent vector-borne viral diseases globally. CYD-TDV is the first dengue vaccine to be licensed, but global uptake has been hampered due to its use being limited to seropositive persons aged 9 years and above, and the need for a 3-dose schedule. The Partnership for Dengue Control (PDC) organized a meeting with key opinion leaders and stakeholders to deliberate on implementation strategies for the use of CYD-TDV. New data have emerged that support the shortening of the primary schedule from a 3 to 2 dose schedule, extending the age range below 9 to 6 years of age, and expanding the indication from endemic populations to also include travelers to endemic areas. Cost-effectiveness may improve with the modified 2-dose regimen and with multiple testing. Strategies to implement a dengue vaccination program have been developed, in particular school-based strategies. A range of delivery scenarios can then be considered, using various settings for each step of the intervention. However, several challenges remain, including communication about limiting the use of this vaccine to seropositive individuals only. Affordability will vary from country to country, as will government commitment and community acceptance. Well-tailored communication strategies that target key stakeholders are expected to make up a significant part of any future dengue vaccination program.